Smoking and Depression by Dr. Jon Kassel and Dr. Benjamin Hankin Article

Smoking and Depression by Dr. Jon Kassel and Dr. Benjamin Hankin - Article Example Dr. Jon Kassel and Dr. Benjamin Hankin in their essay â€Å"Smoking and Depression†   delve in the nooks and crannies of smoking, the numbers of deaths per year, and the different pathways that lead to cigarette smoking. This paper intends to evaluate this particular source in order to ensure that it holds reputable and credible content that can be used to the completion of the researcher’s third essay.Dr. Jon Kassel is an associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois Chicago.   His primary research interests are on the better understanding factors that underlie tobacco smoking behavior (UIC n.p.). Dr. Kassel received his doctorate from the University of Pittsburgh in 1995 and since then has become a faculty member of the University of Illinois Chicago College of Liberal Arts and Science. He is the director of the Substance Use Research Laboratory and has already authored more than 70 articles and chapters. He is also a multi-awarded researcher on substance abuse. He has received numerous recognitions including the Ferno Award for Innovative Research on Nicotine and Tobacco and is also a recipient of the Outstanding Early Career Contributions Award. Dr. Benjamin Hankin is a psychology professor at the University of Denver. His research interests include depression and mood disorders in youth, developmental psychopathology, and the GEM study (University of Denver n.p.). He received his PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is a notable author for 95 publications and has co-edited two books. He was awarded with the prestigious APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology in 2010.  Ã‚  

Material and labour costs are easy to trace to products. when looking Literature review

Material and labour costs are easy to trace to products. when looking at overhead cost it becomes more difficult. Undertake a l - Literature review Example Eksteen and Rosenberg (2002) have included other costs like communication, human resources, travelling, auditing, asset ownership etc. in the overhead costs. There is an important relationship existing between the direct and the indirect costs. Warsame (2006) stated that the direct and the indirect costs include the majority portion of the entire construction process. Some companies determine overhead costs as a percentage of the total direct costs. Carr (1988) stated that direct costs such as material, labour etc. are directly chargeable to the performed or implemented activity. Hegazi and Molsehi (1995) have estimated the overhead costs as a percentage of the total direct costs in 14 percent of their survey. Several researches have been made on the overhead costs and it has been divided into two parts. One is the work site overhead including the staff salary, the electricity charges, water supply charges, renting equipment and other is the administration cost (for example- office s taff costs, insurance taxes, other fees etc.) (Shelton and Brugh, 2002; Carr, 1989; Assaf et al., 1999, 2001). Both these groups of overhead costs are required to be recovered by a company. There are two types of costing systems for determining the cost of a product. One is the traditional costing system and the other is the activity based costing system. Traditional costing system uses financial accounting information and activity based costing system uses management accounting information. While calculating the overhead cost

Resulting and Constructive Trust in Equity & Trust Case Study

Resulting and Constructive Trust in Equity & Trust - Case Study Example She also, throughout the relationship, looked after the children and performed all the usual domestic duties around the home. In Sept 2003, Lynn formed a liaison with another man and moved out of the house. She brought an action against Mike claiming that she was entitled to a half-share in the house by reason of her contributions to the house hold expenses during the period the parties lived together. According to the evidence at the trial in the High Court, both Lynn and Mike had assumed that the house was jointly owned although the matter was never actually discussed between them. It is also not in dispute that, if it had not been for the fact that Lynn was working part-time, Mike would not have been able to meet the mortgage payments out of his own salary. 1) Applying Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset (1994) 1 A.C. 107, (HL), in the absence of any finding of an agreement, arrangement or understanding between the parties to share beneficially, Lynn's indirect contributions to household expenses were insufficient to found a beneficial interest in the house. In particular, the court refused to follow the decision of Mr. Nicholas Mostyn Q.C. (sitting as a deputy High judge) in Le v Le Foe (2002) 2 F.L.R. 970on the ground that it was inconsistent with Lord Bridge's speech in Rosset; 2) Distinguishing Midlands Bank Plc v Cooke (1995) 4 All E.R. 562 (C.A.), it was not open to the court to assess Glady's beneficial share in the house by undertaking a survey of the whole course of dealings between the parties relevant to their ownership and occupation of the property. The principle enunciated in Cooke applied only to the establishment of an equitable interest through direct contributions. In December 2004, the Court of Appeal dismissed Lynn's appeal affirming both grounds given by the High Court. Task: Lynn now wishes to appeal to the House of Lords against the Court of Appeal's decision and seeks your written opinion on the merits of her claim. You should support your advice by reference to decided cases. Answer: The current state of caselaw on implied trust and beneficial or equitable interest in property due to indirect contributions to family home is not favourable to the appeal being considered by Lynn Jones. English courts are reluctant to adopt the remedial constructive trust principles of Canadian courts. It seems to be that judicial reasoning on implied trust rely on contributions to the purchase price and provable agreement, arrangement or understanding between the parties to share the property beneficially prevent the application of principles of justice and conscience in the present case. The facts of the problem show that the court had already struck down Lynn Jones arguments on the application of resulting trust principles because of the lack of contribution to the purchase price or proof of agreement, arrangement or understanding to share equitable interest. Not only the Rosset and Cooke cases but also the basic direction of

Housing Market in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Market in Australia - Essay Example Bourassa (1996) has stated that the measures required for identifying the affordability of housing-ownership is primarily based upon the accumulated data but it is required to ignore the distribution of wealth and income as well as the ranges of housing prices. For analyzing the trend of housing pattern in Australia, Bourassa (1996) builds a study based upon the previous research of Grigsby and Rosenburg. The study then, proposes a method of Borrowing Constraint. The method of Borrowing Constraint was applied from the year 1989 to 1990 for household survey data for Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. The results concluded that there are hypothetical changes in interest rates and deposit requirements are kept minimum. Along with these results, furthermore, it had been concluded that under any given scenario, there is very diminutive percentage of people who are living in rented households to afford private ownership without putting themselves into the circle of poverty (Bourassa). Anothe r study conducted by Beer (1999) stated that there have been many changes in the private rental sector within the housing system of Australia. It has moved itself from the tenure of transition that is primarily comprised of saving of young household. Increase in the prices of real houses, increasing interest rates, increase in the rate of deaths of household through separation and divorces, changes in the pays of workers and inability to maintain the position of the tenure. Moreover, Beer (1999) also stated that there has been decline in access to public housing. Research conducted by Beer (1999) had emphasized on the changing dimensions of the private rental housing within Australia. The nature of investors and the size of investment in the sector of housing stocks had also been examined. Furthermore, the impact of the investment strategies on the housing sector market of Australia was also highlighted (Beer). Hayward (2008) conducted a study to determine whether the property owner s in Australia are reluctant or not. The paper covered the history of public housing and property owner in Australia. The study conducted by Hayward (2008) revealed that the golden era of public housing in Australia was from 1945 to 1956. During this time, the Commonwealth State Housing Agreement (CSHA) laid a foundation for making public housing system more viable in Australia. After that, the history of public housing started to cripple in this country. Emphasis on housing policy shifted from rentals to home ownership. Despite of viewing the development of State Housing Authorities, some people claim that this decade was not as substantial nor it was that decade where it would be favorable to return. In long run, the history of Australia is the one where the Government has been best reluctant landlords. The era from 1945 to 1956 is considered as best understood in this general trend (Hayward). The paper presented by Wulff and Maher (2010) examined the housing characteristics of pr ivate renters in Australia in long run. The study comprised of a sample of 4677 private renters. The sample had been drawn from ABS Survey of Rental Tenants 1994. The results revealed that 40% of the renters were long-term renters, having rented their property for more than 10 years, which shows that there has been substantial trend of rented household in Australia. Long-term conditions were further divided into

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports - Essay Example The drama of performance on world scene is so overpowering that athletes sometime fall in the controversy of doping (use of performance enhancing drugs) in sports. A winning athlete is the star of the public eye just as a politician, musician or a literary figure and their image is a delicate balance training, character and publicity. When athlete resorts to taking performance enhancing drugs, they not only hurt themselves but in turn set in motion a chain of events that destroys the sport each time a new case surfaces. The controversy which has been built around athletic doping or use of performance enhancing drug to maximize sport performance can be traced back to 490 BC in the legendary marathon run by Feidipides, which made him a superhero at the cost of his life (Savulescu, et al. 2004). Performance enhancing drugs has been reported to be used even since the Greeks started the Olympics in 776 BC. Olympic athletes were believed to have used herbs and mushrooms in an attempt to improve their performance. However, it was not until the early 19th century that the problem became a menace to the sport. Today, the thrust for winning is so high that there are reports that performance-enhancing drugs have been used in college, high school and junior high/middle school athletics around the world (Kidsource OnLine, 1996). The desire to outperform the other competitors at any cost is so demanding. The performance oriented athletics with result at its core is fuelled by different levels of drugs which enhance shot-term and long-term performance. The progress in technology offers greater lure to administering different levels of biological intervention. ... The progress in technology offers greater lure to administering different levels of biological intervention. The health and the fitness should be the core of rational judgment rather than emotional euphoria of success. The use of doping takes away the human element of ethics and honesty in sports. An athlete stoops down to the level of an animal with no reason, choice or judgment. Some of the performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous; they have multitude physical, mental and emotional side effects ranging from short-term to long-term. Anabolic steroids are associated are associated with a range of side effects, including heart attacks and liver cancer. Some doping substances are permitted in low doses like alcohol and caffeine. Another form of doping is blood doping either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin. In recent times tetrahydrogestrinone(THG) and modafinil are causing controversy throughout the sporting world. The number and variety of drugs use by athletes are rather alarming. Substances used as ergogenic aids are meant to primarily increase size, endurance and strength of the athletes. Performance increasing drugs also include beta-adrenoceptor blockers and beta-adre noceptor agonists, calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, growth hormone and growth hormone stimulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, iron, theophylline and in some situations, vitamins (Lajis, N.D.). These substances used to boost athletic performance, increase strength and improve appearance present a serious health risk. Use of enhancement drugs violates athlete's autonomy. Besides, such illegal acts questions their confidence, morals, ethics and takes away

Industrial Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industrial Relations - Assignment Example omprehensively covered and provided for at the federal level under the Fair Work Act 2009, which provided for the formation of the Fair Work Commission as the body regulating labor in Australia (Cooper & Ellem, 2009:287). The legislation aimed at replacing numerous state labor laws that were established by different states individually, which did not balance or provide for the requirements of the workers equitably. Nevertheless, this legislation did not take over all the labor responsibilities from the territorial and the state authorities. It only took the responsibility of regulating some of the labor functions nationwide, while leaving some of the labor functions such as safety and health of the workers, workers compensation and workers leave being regulated at both the territorial and the state levels (FWC, 2014:n.p.). However, it is important to understand that the provisions of the Fair Work Act 2009 as regulated at the federal level overrides all the other provisions of different laws enacted both at the territorial and the state levels. This is because this legislation seeks to have the control of the whole labor force field in general (Sheldon, 2008:236). Despite this law being the primary labor law in Australia, there are certain aspects of the labor that are exempted from the coverage of the law. In this respect, the roles of the Australian Fair Work Commission as provided under the Fair Work Act 2009 include: Under the function of the creating fair work places, the role of the Australian Fair Work Commission is to set the minimum wages and minimum work conditions that must be met by the employers (Australia gov.au., 2014:n.p.). In doing this, the Fair Work Commission serves to create a safety net where the employees are protected in terms of the remuneration they receive from the employers, by ensuring that all employers are providing wages that are in line with the set minimum wage requirement. This way, the Australian Fair Work Commission makes

ONTOLOGICAL PARADOX Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ONTOLOGICAL PARADOX - Research Paper Example ne has the ability to choose from the multiple patterns of lives with the chance of being embedded in one of the possible past-future pairs (Santas 39). The possibility of breaking out of limitations of only being able to exist in the present has led to many depictions of possible situations where human beings are able to freely move through the past present and future. Obsession with changing the past has not been limited to popular culture but has also featured in academic field such as physics and philosophy. This essay argues against the notion presented by some physicists and philosophers that one can travel back into the past to change based on the inconsistencies of time travelling. In this kind of fantasies, many tend to perceive an instrument such as special machine that will facilitate the backward time travel, think of a special machine which will enable man disappear from one place and time and reappear at a past time in a different or same place. There is a philosophical line of thought based on the existence of what is called a closed timelike curves (CTCs) discovered by philosophers and physicists working on time travel. CTCs are â€Å"curves in space and time† which provide â€Å"possible paths of bodies† to move through various universes. The model containing CTCs was discovered by Kurt GGdel in the 1940s and was believed to be models of the Einstein field equations (Seaman and Ssler 141). Based on model, Godel makes a theoretical assumption that it is possible for one to travel and come back at the exact time and place by making a round trip on a rocket ship in a suitably wide curve. This means that the object will get back to its past to the exact moment when it commenced the journey. The argument presented by Godel is based on the belief by some philosophers and physicists that the past, present and future equally real. These views on past, present and future represent the ideas of externalists group of theorists who argue that there was no