Assgn Wilson

I will demonstrate some understanding of the principal areas of Philosophy covered in this course. To do this, I will respond to the following questions- What these two works say about the nature of reality, what roles does the problem of appearance and reality play in these two works? Next, I will state what ethical implications I think these works may suggest, and how do the two works explore the nature of knowledge. I will also compare my â€Å"What is your Philosophy? † survey results with the ones had completed in the first week of this class.Afterwards, I will answer the allowing questions- How has my knowledge base grown in the areas identified during my week one discussion. What insights have gained about my beliefs related to those statements and lastly- Did my philosophy changed? The paper will end with a conclusion. Solomon and Higgins' (2014) definition of Philosophy sums up what my understanding of philosophy has turned out to be during these past weeks of the cou rse. In my comparison and contrast of Plat's ‘The Allegory of the Cave† with the motion picture The Matrix, I was able to see the connection.In Plat's ‘ ‘The Allegory of the Cave†, here is a conversation between two men, Socrates and Glaucoma- In the conversation, Socrates is presenting his abstract interpretation of what he sees as he analyzes a picture. In the picture, there are a number of men bound to a wall, with symbols sketched into the wall. In the motion picture, The Matrix, there is also a conversation between Morpheme and Neo. They are inside a computer program. Morpheme turns on the television and shows Neo a picture of the world, as he knew it. He begins to talk about this world, and gives his interpretation of what he knows this world to be.Then, the stricture changes to a world that appears destroyed, and Morpheme again gives his interpretation. In week four (4) of our course, we were introduced to the topics, The nature of Reality and th e nature of Truth. In ‘ ‘The Allegory of the Cave† and The Matrix, the characters are analyzing reality from the unreal and truth. The conversation between Socrates and Glaucoma is about when the unreal becomes real. Morpheme is discussing the same thing with Neo when he asks him, ‘M/hat is real'? During our discussion for week four, we read a story entitled An Occurrence at Owl Creek where we had to separate the real room the unreal.During that time, learned about metaphysics. Metaphysics attempts to explain what reality is. Solomon and Higgins (2014), explained reality as, â€Å"The distinction between what we simply see, what appears to be the case, and the deeper picture that allows us to explain it, forces us to introduce the concept of reality' (p. 112). In relation to the nature of reality, the two works say that reality is what we interpret it to be. For example, in the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Socrates explained the picture the way he per ceived it would be if the people in the painting came to life. In The Matrix, Morpheme gave his interpretation of the real world.The role that the problem of appearance and reality play in these two works was that nothing appeared to be as it was. For example, in The Matrix, the way the real world appeared to Morpheme in reality, was not how Neo saw it to be. In the beginning of the movie, when the woman named Trinity was being attacked by the police officers, she was able to run across the walls. This did not appear to be real. Then near the ending of the movie, Neo was able to dodge bullets and even appeared to hold them in his hand. This could not be real. During my analysis of these works, did not see any ethical implications.The way in which the two works explore the nature of knowledge is as follows. Socrates explains the interpretation of the picture based on his knowledge. For example, Glaucoma demonstrated that he had limited knowledge based on the levels Of his conversatio n. He saw the picture exactly as it appeared, and he agreed with everything Socrates said without offering his own opinions. Socrates on the other hand demonstrated that he possessed the gift of knowledge. His interpretation of the picture was more in-depth. During this course, I learned hat Epistemology was the theory of knowledge.Socrates based his interpretation of the picture on his philosophical knowledge. For example, he spoke of truth when he asked the question, â€Å"Altogether then, I said such men would believe the truth to be nothing else than the shadows of the artifacts? † (p. 246). In The Matrix, Morpheme also demonstrated his level of knowledge. He appeared to be all knowing (Omniscient) just like God. For example, when he met Neo for the first time, he was able to tell Neo a lot about his life. He told Neo that he knew why he was there. He was even able to read Neon's Houghton. Morpheme knew who and what the Matrix was.He described it as being everywhere, and that it was the â€Å"wool that was pulled over your eyes to blind you form the truth' (Quote from The Matrix movie). In week one (1), I took a survey entitled ‘V'/hat is your Philosophy? † Today, when I looked back at the results of that survey compared to the one I took again, I could say that my knowledge base has grown. From the topics that we covered in this course, I Was able to expand my knowledge of life and its meaning along with knowing who God is, and that He exists. In relation to the survey, number nine (9) stated that â€Å"An all-powerful, all knowing, all-good God exists†.In learning about Ultimate Reality in week three (3), I was able to prove that this statement is true. In week one (1), I found it difficult to immediately respond to statements number three (3) and four (4). Number three stated â€Å"Humans have free will† and number four â€Å"All of our actions are determined by forces beyond our control†. In the latest survey I took, I still gave the same numbers for some statements that I had given in the previous survey. For example, I gave a five (5) for number two (2), and a five for number seven (7). I still gave five for number three, but I gave a five for number four. Ad previously given that statement one (1). The insights I have gained about my beliefs related to those statements are as follows. I still believe that humans have free will. For example, I am able to do whatever I want to do. Of course, I realize that cannot use this statement loosely because in some countries, even though humans have free will, they are restricted by rules and laws to freely exercise their will. At first, did not believe that all of our actions were determined by forces beyond our control, now I think I can say that All of our actions are determined by forces beyond our control.For example in this world, there are laws and policies made by government. Everything we do is based on what we know is right and wrong, oth erwise known as moral ethics. We pay our taxes because it is law, and refusal to pay is punishable. We are put in prison when we commit murder, because there is a law that condemns the act of killing. Therefore, we act in accordance to the rules and regulations set out by those in authority. The function of the police is to keep peace and safety, in case we decide to break the law. Overall, believe my philosophy as changed. Now look at life and the reason for living with a different perspective.At first, my thinking was, we were all put here on earth to live, die than go to heaven or hell. Today, I view this ideology differently. There is a reason why I am here, there is a reason for circumstances that occur in my life, and there is a reason for the hope that is in me. Philosophy has helped me understand the meaning of life and its existence. In conclusion, philosophy addresses reality, knowledge, values, reason, mind and even language. If we do not know how the many things we commo nly experience re connected together, then we cannot know the source of truth.

How Is Globalization Affecting the Spread Of Diseases? Essay

Although there are several articles discussing globalization and health, it is important to understand the processes of globalization affecting health outcomes and the local and global health responses. One of the major focal point of this article has been the association of globalization and infectious disease. Although globalization is already at widespread interest on its emergence and impact, there’s still a limited agreement on what is it precisely. Globalization is a term that is behind misunderstood by many of us. Its definition is dependent upon ones arguments. The term is being contested by many people who are in big dispute regarding the issue. Some of us may define it as a process of increasing global temperature due to undisciplined chores of people. However, this meaning is just a part of its definition as understood by many of contemporary people even scientists. Globalization is manifested in the increase of international transportation, communication and other people chores. It is a complicated and multi-faceted set of processes having widespread impacts on humans. According to Saker et. al. (2004), globalization is defined as â€Å"changing the nature of human interaction across a wide range of spheres including the economic, political, social, technological and environment†¦.. the process of change can be described as globalizing in the sense that boundaries of various kinds are becoming eroded. This erosion can be seen to be occurring along three dimensions: spatial, temporal and cognitive. † It is being motivated and constrained by a couple of forces: economic processes, technological developments, political influences, cultural and value systems, and social and natural environmental forces. These forces have direct or indirect effects to the health aspects among humans at a number of different levels. As globalization experienced by the different parts of the world, some wide-range changes impacting on the health aspects remains unclear. This paper will tackle about the interrelation between globalization and spreading of infectious diseases. In addition, it will also discuss, in some cases, the management of diseases. It also aims to improve the understanding regarding the phenomenon as it influences infectious diseases. Thesis Statement Because of the alarming incidence of the spread of many diseases among different countries, many believe that one of the major causes of this spread is globalization itself by physical, natural, social, cultural, economical, political, and technological interaction between countries. Globalization: An Interdisciplinary Approach The phenomenon affects many of social aspects including health. The redistribution and movement of bacteria or viruses is one of the detrimental effects of globalization. We know that globalization is a big opportunity for the economy to boost. However, it is also the factor that promotes unfriendly social force that affects those in the periphery of societies. The two sides endorse a negative aspects but it also support for a positive effects. Then, what really is globalization, for bad or for good? If we try to scrutinize the aspect and all of its processes of globalization, we could find out that health sciences could benefit from the explicit thoughtful understanding of the phenomenon. Globalization really changed the health aspects of the whole planet. Many infected persons of a certain disease don’t know its causes or even the disease itself. Diseases are coming closer to us because of international travels become easy, simple and common place. Globalization, together with climate change, bridges the easy advancement and transfer of pathogens. Common dieses could become a plague and virulent diseases. For instance, due to the ever-changing ecosystems, vector-borne diseases such as the Bluetongue virus and West Nile Fever have spread extremely. Besides, the circulation and propagation of Food and Mouth Disease is caused by the intensification of commercial movement. Northoff (2007) said that â€Å"most of the emerging infectious diseases are not new: they began by affecting animals, but as time has passed, the diseases breached the species barrier. † Globalization as Disciplines The processes of globalization have a potential force in the influence in health, economy and politics. Globalization brings couple of positive effects in terms as developed in international relations, political economy, and health society. As being stated regarding the inference of globalization: â€Å"an understanding of global health issues at the turn of the twenty-first century could benefit substantially from the voluminous literature on globalization from international relations, including the subfields of social and political theory and international political economy. This is a rich and voluminous literature. It documents what structural changes are occurring toward a global political economy, how power relationships are embedded within this process of change, what varying impacts this may have on individuals and groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mayer, 2008). It just implies that globalization is more than a mere increase in â€Å"international independence and international connectivity† (Mayer, 2008). Another negative factor it brings is the deviated patterns in diseases due to regular change social and natural patterns. Many decades and, perhaps, centuries old had established historical transformation. According to Mayer (2008), â€Å"globalization certainly contains elements of increasing global interdependency, the decline of international boundaries as deterministic social constructs, and the erosion of distance as an inhibitor of human interaction for some but not all segments of societies—though the effects of distance are highly variable, and some societies remain locally constrained. † Furthermore, the term is not only referring to the regular advances of increasing goods and people, but also to the movement of capital. According to Dr. Jeffrey Koplan, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, infectious and chronic diseases is not locally widespread but also permeate globally (â€Å"CDC Says Globalization Will Affect Disease Spreading†, 2002). Koplan stated that illnesses and globalization are being related to one another. He said that â€Å" because globalization sets a common agenda for the public health workers of the world, more opportunities are available to developing countries that previously trailed behind most other nations† (â€Å"CDC Says Globalization Will Affect Disease Spreading†, 2002). In addition, he stated that physical borders are practically worthless. He said the biggest risk is the speed at which diseases can be multiply and extended. According to him, due to population amplification, diseases are also gained its spreading due to constant mixture of people and infectious diseases. He also added that as country reach the level of Industrialization, people also become wealthier. Affluence brings new health fear such as obesity. Most of developed countries have a high incidence of a bad health lifestyle and they have high rates of cardiovascular diseases. According to Northoff (2007), the bluetongue virus is widely spreading as it is infected the United States. The virus is an animal virus that recently arrived in the US. It just implies that no country could claim that they are free from any diseases. This non-contagious virus affects all the ruminants such as goats, deer, cattle and sheep. However, this virus is not transmitted directly between animals and no effects in humans. The bluetongue virus was first revealed in South Africa but it has already reached many countries. In fact, it already traversed the Mediterranean by the end of 1990s. The virus had been found in Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and North France and United Kingdom since the summer of 2006. The reason upon the continuous and increased pace of spread of the virus remains unclear. The virus was already acclimatized to new local insect carrier of the Culicoides genus which endures cold temperature. Indeed, some people couldn’t believe that the virus already affects European countries considering their high latitudes. According to Northoff (2007), the virus is already prevalent in Corsica and Sardinia but could even endure in northern European countries. In addition, he said that â€Å"Transboundary animal diseases† are originally restricted to tropical countries but they are already swelling due to globalization such as West Nile Virus, transmitted through mosquitoes or carried by birds, Leishmaniasis, a parasitic ailment that proliferates through the bite of infected sand flies and tick-borne Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever. African horse sickness, a disease passed on by the same midges that also carry bluetongue and African swine fever. Mosquitoes that also bring diseases such as dengue also reached European countries. Influenza, or better known as Flu, is the most common disease in animals today. In 1918 in Spain, the first great flu plague had happened. It was recorded that 40 million people died from the H1N1 strain of the virus. Also, in 1957, the H3N2 and latter the H4N2 was seen damaging many lives. Globalization brings also the resistance of bird flu, a highly pathogenic strain of avail influenza called the H5N1 virus type. In fact, in the past four years, there were 251 recorded cases of H5N1, among them are fatal. This case merely suggests that we are in the predecessor level of a Bubonic plague. Since the globalization refers to the movement of people, goods, tourism and other aspects, it also favors the widespread of animal viruses and other diseases around the planet. The exposure and immunity of viruses and bacteria causing diseases increase their mobility and resistance that international community should take it seriously. With regard, early detection of these viruses is needed as an effective defense mechanism. In order for these measures to be taken up successfully, strong political support and funding of a government is required considering most of the countries are not prepared with this new threat. The challenges that we are facing today and being aggravated by globalization, suggest that we must be aware and vigilant to find partnerships for the deterrence and control of epidemics and pandemics. These cases and the treatment of diseases and the development of preventive measures should be delve into and advanced. Collaboration may be the best strategy to be able to research, develop and provide medications to prevent and treat neglected diseases before it become a pestilence. Since diseases have no physical countries when it comes to their spreading out, international support among countries involved. Without the collaboration and cooperation of those infected countries will lead to the widespread of the diseases among other parts of the world. From time to time, it may be also necessary to convince the authorities of the countries involved that cooperation is very important. In addition, for our health security to be secured, it is essential to promote partnerships between private and public sectors. In this way, research and development of neglected diseases are increased and advanced and the spread of viruses at their source could be attacked. There are treatments of some diseases but they are very toxic, often causing death, and ordinary people couldn’t buy it for it is so expensive. Even worse, there are diseases that have no treatments which results to sudden death. Spreading of infectious Disease Some pathogens live in the environment and affect human directly. However, some pathogens, can only survive as a host. If the transmission occurs between humans, the infection is transmittable. The processes and mode of transmission is influenced by different factors. For example, according to Saker et. al (2004), â€Å"transmission of vector-borne diseases is influenced by factors which affect vector numbers (e. g. warmer temperature increases mosquito reproduction rates), contact between humans and vectors (e. g. tourism brings people to areas where malaria-carrying-immune people to areas where malaria is prevalent), intermediate host numbers (e. g. dams provide breeding grounds for snails carrying schistosomiasis), or human or animal behaviors (e. g. warmer temperatures encourage people to bathe in pools, which may be contaminated by schictosome larvae. † Pathogens are highly receptive to the surroundings. The reasons are: their ability to live and multiply depends on the existing right climatic and nutritional conditions and local conditions. Saker et. al (2004, page 10) stated: â€Å"Diverse environmental factors, such as ambient climate and the presence or absence of overcrowding, clean water or particular types of flora and fauna, influence a pathogen’s chances of flourishing and causing disease. Some pathogens thrive in warm and wet climates while others only survive in colder, drier conditions. Still others can survive almost anywhere. Thus some pathogens cause disease worldwide while others are only found in well-defined areas where the local environment is favorable to their propagation. The latter is particularly true for vector-borne diseases since here the local environment needs to support the survival and multiplication of not only the offending pathogen but also the relevant vector and often a third host as well. † Since, in general, the rate at which a single case of human illness generates new infections depends on the combination of biological and social factors. Thus, transmission is affected not only in the number of infectious agents but also by the living states of the human population. References: (2002). CDC Says Globalization Will Affect Disease Spreading. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from Boston University Website: http://media. www. dailyfreepress. com/media/storage/paper87/news/2002/02/14/News/Cd c-Says.Globalization. Will. Affect. Disease. Spreading-184907-page2. shtml Northoff, E. (2007). Spread of bluetongue confirms animal diseases on the rise. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Website: http://www. fao. org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000675/index. html Mayer, J. (2008) The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities, Workshop Summary – Forum on Microbial Threats. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from Washington: Website: http://books. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=11588&page=197 UNESCAP. Globalization and Health. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from Bangkok: Website: http://209. 85. 175. 104/search? q=cache:K0_IsfsCTaQJ:lib_user5. unescap. org/esid/hds/issu es/GlobalizationHealth. pdf+HOW+GLOBALIZATION+AFFECTING+SPREAD+DISE ASES&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=ph Kerpelman, T. (2008). Aid & Trade: Containing Pandemics. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from ICVolunteers Website: : http://www. icvolunteers. org/index. php? what=news&id=302 Saker, et. Al. (2004). Globalization and Infectious Disease: A review of the Linkages. World Health Organization

High School compared to middle school

When I got home I would eat something and relax for 1 hour and then I would start my homework around 6 pm. Most times, it would take my 15-20 minutes to finish my homework. If I had any projects or other work to do, it would extend my work time to about 1 hour. But that all changed once I got to high school. Once got to high school, would get home at 7 and as soon as I got home, I had tons of homework. Start my homework at 7:30 pm and if it is normal homework, then I am done at about 9 pm.If I have project or there work, have to work until 11 pm. And that is without AP human geography homework, which itself takes 1 hour per night. The second problem I have is band. Band in middle school is nothing compared to band in high school. When I was in middle school band, practiced for 30 minutes a day and that was enough for me to be good. After school practices were rare events and they lasted for about an hour when we had them. Once got to high school, even one hour of band practice a day isn't enough.And after school rehearsals are an almost everyday thing and each practice is a little more than one hour marching in the hot sun. And being at the Friday football games is mandatory. The games go from 7 pm to 1 0:30 pm and if it is an away game, then you don't get home until 12 midnight. And, in middle school concerts and contests were during the weekdays, but in high school you have to sacrifice your Saturdays to be at the competitions. And if you are not at the Ames or the contests in high school, then you get a detention.So, thinking that high school would be easy was a big mistake. Made this mistake and I am now paying the price. So, no matter what you do, don't make the mistake that made. Make sure you get prepare to have long days and lots of homework. And start preparing for having at most 7 hours of sleep on the wee stays. This is a medium compare-contrast because it is contrasting, but it is only contrasting it is not comparing anything as the same.

Coral Reef Bleaching Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coral Reef Bleaching - Term Paper Example Why/how Coral bleaching occurs Coral bleaching occurs because of the disintegration between corals and their symbionts or endosymbiosis (Symbiodinium spp) (Ainsworth et al., 2008). Most of the bleaching on corals occurs during the warm season. Established scientific evidence indicates that environmental stressors that include the increase of heat in sea surface temperatures tend to be the main cause of coral bleaching (Bourne et al., 2008). Moreover, high solar radiation tends to be a significant cause of large-scale bleaching (Bourne et al., 2008). Moreover, research indicates that seasonal bleaching also tends to occur because of an infection by the bacterium Vibrio shiloi (Bourne et al., 2008). Another established cause of coral bleaching is sea pollution that mostly occurs because of various human activities. For example, sunscreens that tend to promote viral infections play a significant role in causing coral bleaching especially in areas where there are high levels of human act ivities (Danovaro et al., 2008). Santavy eta al (2011) also indicates that various multiple chronic stressors play a significant role in the occurrence of bleaching. Ecological Impacts of Coral Bleaching Various impacts in the environment tend to emerge after coral bleaching events. One of these impacts includes massive threat to tropical coral-ecosystems (Anthony et al., 2009). Occurrence of bleaching results to lethal or sub-lethal stress on the reefs (Anthony et al., 2009). Moreover, coral bleaching results to loss of endosymbiotic algae or its associated pigment from the coral reefs (Ainsworth, et al., 2008). Bleaching also tends to cause changes in microbial communities. Bleaching also results to the reduction of coral reefs. This is because most of the reefs fail to cope with the harsh conditions and disease occurrences that emerge because of bleaching (Brandt & McManus, 2009). Another established significant impact of bleaching is that it reduces skeletal growth in corals (Ca rilli et al., 2009). Moreover, it is also necessary to consider that coral reefs provide the livelihood of most people within the tropics (Maynard et al., 2008). For example, some types of the corals are used for building purpose (Seneca et al., 2010). Corals also tend to be significant tourism attraction features hence increasing economic value within the tropics. Therefore, occurrences of bleaching are a major blow to various activities enacted by people within tropic areas. McWilliams et al., (2005) indicates that bleaching poses as one of the major threats of coral reefs because they end-up dying. Vivekanandan et al., (2009) indicates that corals tend to be the most diverse marine habitat and therefore bleaching affects the directly affects the living conditions of the estimated 0.5 million species that rely on the reefs. Possible solutions/treatments of coral bleaching There are minimal established ways in which treatment of coral bleaching can be performed. However, possible s olutions include laboratory studies that would assist determining the role of coral-associated communities and how they react during stressful environment conditions (Ainsworth et al., 2008). This may assist in coming-up with a reliable solution on how to minimize large population of corals being affected during warm sea seasons. Moreover, prevention of thermal stress in the future may contribute in prevention of

Technical Definition and Description Assignment - 2

Technical Definition and Description - Assignment Example The main purpose of production in any petrochemical industry remains the separation of oil, gas and water, which is present in the well stream. While two-phase separators do the job of separating oil and gas, the three components are separated in three phase separators. While two-phase separators are used for separating the liquid content from gas, the three phase ones also separate the water content of the crude from gas and liquid. However, different types of separators used for the phase separation are briefly detailed below. After hitting an inlet diverter, the fluid faces a sudden momentum change that ensures separation of liquid and vapor at this point, in such separators. The liquid droplets fall into the bottom of the vessel due to gravity. A level controller regulates the liquid dump valve, after sensing the change in the level of liquid. While a two-phase separator breaks the fluids of well into gas and liquids, a three-phase one separates incoming oil stream into gas, water and oil. Both processes use horizontal or vertical separators for this purpose. (Oil Field, nd) The reasons for following the separation process include relatively cheaper methods of separating oil and gas, by two-phase separators. As water produced in the process can corrode the piping and equipment, downstream, the third phase, involving water separation, saves such equipment from damage and cost towards replacing it. The well production increases due to reduction in back pressure, which is possible after phase separation. This in-turn reduces the required energy consumption. Phase separators are used to separate gas, oil and water as these components form part of the crude stream coming directly from a well. While the two-phase separators are responsible for separating gas/vapor and liquid, three-phase ones remove free water from such crude oil, along with separation of other two

Business Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Leadership - Essay Example DuBrin (2008) explained that a charismatic leader lead and influence others using personal charm, inspiration and emotion. This defines Herb Kelleher who was energetic, action oriented, visionary and inspiring. A number of leaders have emerged in the business realm to inspire and motivate employees in their organization to work hard and produce enviable results (Takougang 2004). True leaders are hard to come by because they are in short supply (Finkelstein et al 2007). Some of the outstanding leaders include; Jeff Bezoz, chief executive officer Amazon.co; Richard Branson, chief executive officer Virgin Group; Steven Jobs, chief executive officer Apple Computer; William Gates, who is chairman of Microsoft; and Herb Kelleher, chairman of Southwest Airlines among many others (Mockler 2002). The above leaders appeal to the hearts of their employees. Herb Kelleher is an outstanding leader who through years has demonstrated great abilities running Southwest Airlines. The success of Southwe st Airlines is largely attributed to exemplary leadership of Herb Kelleher. To understand who Herb Kelleher is, it is important to state part of his autobiography. Herb Kelleher Herb Kelleher who is a last born in the family of four, a husband to Joan Negley and father of four children was born on 12 March, 1931 to Harry Kelleher and Ruth Moore. He went to Haddon Heights High School and further proceeded to Wesleyan University for Bachelors of Arts degree in English literature and New York University for a Law degree. While he was a little boy, he spent six summers working at Campbell’s Soap factory where his father was a general manager. Kelleher worked as a warehouse foreman, soap chef and analyst. He became an associate of Lum, Biunno and Tompkins between 1959 and 1961. Between 1961 and 1969, Herb Kelleher was a partner at Nowlin, Macfarlane and Barrett. He became a senior partner of Oppenheimer, Rosenberg, Kelleher and Wheatley between 1971 and 1982. In addition, he worke d as a legal counsel for Southwest Airlines Company from 1966 to 1982. In the years that followed from 1982 to 2001, Herb Kelleher was appointed chairman, chief executive officer and president of Southwest Airlines Company. In 2001, he stepped down as chief executive officer and president of Southwest Airlines Company but retained his chairmanship. In 2007, Herb Kelleher steeped down as a chairman. He further resigned from board of directors of the company in 2008. However, he was to be an employee of the company for five years from 2008. This is because though he was advancing in age, his services were needed. Herb Kelleher was appointed chairman of Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2010 for 2011-2013. Herb Kelleher is a distinguished leader who has been awarded for his exemplary leadership performance by chief executive, Texas monthly and Fortune. In addition, Franklin Institute awarded him Bower Award for Business Leadership in 2003 (Reference for Business). Herb Kelleher managem ent style Herb Kelleher leadership skills and style was acquired when he worked at soaps factory where he learned the value of hard work. Furthermore, his work ethics was shaped by his mother who developed a special bond with him. For example, he sat with his mother in the kitchen until wee hours of the morning discussing business, politics and ethics. His mother (Irish woman) instilled him with the importance of treating people with respect. His mother also taught him to be egalitarian and judge people on merit rather than

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essay

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening - Essay Example In the end, despite her developments into selfhood, the only escape from her biological destiny as a woman in society, possessed, sexual, and ruled, is death. Local Color writers were an offshoot of the Realistic movement. They sought to preserve a distinct way of life threatened by industrialization, immigration, the after effects of the War, and the changes in society. Their writing concentrated upon rendering a convincing portrait of a particular region and delving below the surface picture to reveal some universal aspect. What this novel wants to convey is that immigration is not as sweet as most people think. People are more interested and amazed on how well immigrating families are doing by the clothes they wear, the cars they drive, the way they speak fluent English and etc. Those are all superficial because behind the achievements are hardships of which not everyone has a clear understanding of. Difficulties are always abundant and it takes it toll on every member of the family. There is never a way in which immigration can always be smooth sailing. Immigrants tend to be victims of abuse by people around them who knows they are vulnerable. he relationship between men and women and the economic aspects that go along with that issue are also realistic. Edna is "owned" at various points in the novel by her father, husband, Arobin, and Robert.

The Economic situation of a given Country Research Paper

The Economic situation of a given Country - Research Paper Example The country is made up of 63 Islands, the main island being referred to as Singapore inclusive. The connection to Malaysia is man-made which are Johor Causeway to the North and Tuas to west. The current reclamation of land has increased the country to 716.1 square kilometres from 581.5 square kilometres in the 1960s (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho, 54). There is an anticipation that the country will grow by 100 square kilometres by the year 2030. Some parts of the country’s land have been donated for parks, reserves, nature ways tree lines, roads and nature ways among other natural areas. Climatically Singapore, is characterized by a tropical rainforest climate without any seasons, temperatures and pressure are consistent, high humidity and very high level of rainfall (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho 66). Temperatures vary from 22 to 35 degree centigrade while humidity is 79% before noon and 73% thereafter. The country, as in the year 2012, had a population of about 5.3 million people which consisted of 3.3 million, accounting for about 62% of the citizens while the remaining 38% represented foreigners (Chiu, Stephen, Kong-Chong Ho & Dale Lü, 298). About 23% of the citizens are not citizens by birth, but are born in foreign lands as there were about half a million permanent residents. 37 is the median age of its population having an average household size of about 3.5 persons. The major problem in Singapore is limited land which has led to large populations living in subsidized, high rise, public housing apartments (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho 145). There are very high numbers of domestic helpers in the country. The estimate, as per 2013, on fertility rate assumed to be around 0.79 per woman. This represents the lowest fertility rate in the world (Teo, Peggy, Chang & Ho, 198). This has been a major problem in Singapore and to solve this problem the

Foundations of Motivation (Module 9) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundations of Motivation (Module 9) - Assignment Example In contrast the test samples in India were able to perform the task requiring complex cognitive skills for the highest incentive because that incentive was in consonance with the outcomes they associated with such a tough goal. Thereby the results of this experiment were in tandem with the expectancy theory of motivation. The other conclusions arrived at by this experiment also happened to be strictly as per the expectancy theory of motivation. Once the workers get satisfied in relation to the remuneration, the start considering other desirable outcomes and tend to commit to a task as per the value they assign to these outcomes. These outcomes may not necessarily be monetary, but may comprise of varied other desirable outcomes like autonomy or self direction, opportunity to gain mastery over a skill, the thrill of the eventual challenge posed by a task, and a sense of direction and purpose. As evinced by the expectancy theory the outcomes that specific individuals tend the value diff er from person to person, and the motivation of an individual is directly proportional to the extent to which one values a possible outcome. 2. Them speaker’s message aligns a lot with my own personal experience. As per the conclusions pertaining to motivation deduced from my personal experience, the extent of motivation that an individual commits to a specific goal has a lot to do with the outcomes that an individual expects to solicit from the achievement of that goal. However, the one thing that needs to be taken care of is the fact that the outcomes that a person aspires for or values differ from person to person. I remember when I was in High School; I was quiet good at accounting. It was owing to my proficiency in accounting that a local retail merchant offered me the job of going through his sales accounts every evening. I used to spend about an hour everyday at his shop, checking his accounts. I really enjoyed this job. It allowed me to earn some money without comprom ising on my studies. It happened that during the holiday season the sales of this retailer went up and he offered to pay much more to me if I spent an extra hour or two every day checking his accounts. At first the possible outcome of earning more money appealed to me and I agreed to his proposal. However, as the time passed, this work started interfering with the time I ought to have dedicated to my studies. I soon realized that I valued the need to score better grades much more over the opportunity to earn money at the cost of my studies. Thereby I got immensely demotivated and quit this job after a few days. 3. As a manager the first thing that I learned from the given video is that once the employees are paid as per their expectations, they stop thinking about money and start focusing on the work at hand. Thereby, I will always make it a point to set the remunerations of the employees working for me at a level which is in consonance with their expectations and caters to their se nse of equity. Once this is done, I will never forget the fact that money is not the only outcome that motivates an employee, but people expect varied other attributes from a job that they really feel motivated about, like autonomy or the freedom of self direction, chance to achieve mastery over a skill, the sense of challenge posed by a goal and the sense of direction or purpose associated with a goal. Thereby

Policy Issue Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy Issue Paper - Essay Example The energy security is a very vital issue and deserving of its inclusion in the State of the Union address because it is concerned with the most valuable component of American life, - the energy which fuels the entire US nation, from the west to the east coast, to life. Without this energy source, life in America and everywhere in the world will virtually halt to a standstill. Oil is the chief energy source of the United States and not surprisingly, US is the top oil user in the world, guzzling 20, 588,000 barrels of oil per day according to a 2006 statistic (EIA 1). The problem however with this valuable fossil fuel is that not only is it a potential powerful political tool but that its very availability is now in question. There are claims that oil world resources are dwindling although some quarters like the Cambridge Energy Research Associates are disputing this CERA 2006). It can be fairly said however that the issue of global warming is by now beyond dispute although largely still unacknowledged. Recent scientific studies has established that the burning of fossil fuel emits carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and, along with other greenhouse gases, prevents sunlight from being reflected out of the earth’s atmosphere causing global warming. A hot planet in turn, disturbs climate cycles, melts the ice in the north and south poles altering the water-land ratio, and changes ecosystems (NRDC 2007). With these problems, it shouldn’t be a surprise therefore that the President, in talking about energy security, primarily focused on reducing oil consumption and specifically suggested alternatives like the â€Å"funding of technologies that can generate coal power while capturing carbon emissions†, increasing â€Å"the use of renewable power and emission-free nuclear power,† â€Å"investing in advanced battery technology and renewable fuels,† creating a â€Å"new

Thinkertoys Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thinkertoys Week 3 - Essay Example eeping in view the methodology used by Michalko, it becomes quite easy to explore the problems at individual, collective and corporate levels, and finding out the solutions for these problems as well. Michalko focuses on complete assessment of a problem by examining each and every aspect of it, rather concentrating only one part of the problem, which, according to him, may put the solution of the problem at stake. The same is applied by analyzing one’s personal problems in respect of searching out a job. I have adopted the Phoenix checklist in order to put my questions and their possible answers on the basis of Michalko’s thinking strategy. The solution of a problem is extremely necessary due to the very reality that a problem creates difficulties for a person while thinking and analyzing, so it is very important to make plan to get rid of that problem. The solution of a problem helps the individuals proceed to some goals determined for making progress in life; it is th erefore comprehensive assessment of problem and determining of its all possible solutions is most required for individuals. I have the problem in finding out job as soon as I complete my degree from the university. The declining global economy is the ugliest hurdle on the way of the fresh graduates while penetrating into the job market. In addition, all the organizations demand previous experiences from the job-seekers, which is really a hard nut to crack for the fresh graduates. The analyses of business environment view recommendations and approach a must for entering the job market. Moreover, the rising unemployment at global level has created the proportion of competitors against every vacancy to a great extent. Further, since education has got popularity everywhere in the world, the percentage of educated people has also increased, but the job opportunities are far less than the percentage of educated people, which serves as a serious threat for getting an attractive job. All these points

Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Psychological Disorders Essay This paper aims to discuss three psychological disorders along with its primary symptoms and usual signs of trouble linked with the disorders. It also intends to state why it is important to be aware of these symptoms. The first one is categorized as â€Å"mood disorders† (Types of Psychological Disorders, n. d. , n. p. ). The primary symptoms exhibited here include: strong/severe and insistent feelings (Types of Psychological Disorders, n. d. , n. p. ). Furthermore, one of its subcategories known as â€Å"Bipolar Disorder† show the following signs: 1) if an individual is in a positive mode, he or she is extremely energetic; 2) but if she or he is depressed, his or her self-esteem tends to fall so low to the point of contemplating on suicide; 3) he or she may also â€Å"become engaged in too much eating, drinking, sexual activities, etcetera† (Types of Psychological Disorders, n. d. , n. p. ). With this psychological disorder, it is important to be aware of the symptoms because there are other mood disorders which also exhibit some of the symptoms/signs linked with â€Å"Bipolar Disorder†. The second is known as â€Å"personality disorders† (Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). One of its sub-categories is named â€Å"anti-social personality disorder† wherein the primary symptom exhibited is disobeying rules (Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). The usual sign linked with this, on the other hand, is â€Å"lying† and the worse is that it is carried out just for fun (Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). Last but not least is â€Å"anxiety disorders† (Franklin, 1999, n. p. ). One of its subcategories is known as â€Å"phobia† which exhibits the following primary symptoms: â€Å"tight feelings of fear† (Types of Psychological Disorders, n. . , n. p. ). The usual sign linked with it is when a person is too scared even if his or her extreme fear is unreasonable (Ticao, 2001, p. 358). On a final note, with these psychological disorders, it is important to be aware of the symptoms because there are other mood, personality, and anxiety disorders which also exhibit some of the symptoms/signs linked with â€Å"Bipolar Disorder†, â€Å"anti-social personality disorder†, and phobia, respectively.

Report On Workplace Stress Management Essay

Report On Workplace Stress Management Essay Workplace stress can be defined as the mental trauma and distress that an employee has to go through when there is a disparity between the requirements at work and the capabilities, efficiency or the resources available. Workplace today has become a studio wherein scripts are written to overtake other studios and outperform every single instance of competition out in the middle. Hence the pressure put by employers on their â€Å"bulls† to plough their fields is immense. This pressure takes its toll and results in increased anxiety and tension levels among workers. This phenomenon is popularly called stress in the workplace. Overworking, repeated rebuttals can cause such a response in workplaces these days. Majorly, work related stress affects sleep causing insomnia and sleeplessness. It affects fitness adversely because of the reduced sleep. It can cause problems in the family of the affected individual like infighting, frequent arguments and fits of disagreement. This adverse ly affects the family life and also enhances the inefficiency at work. All of this lead to increased levels of frustration and hesitancy and directly affects the quality of work, thus further compounding the pressure on the individual. Also stress is related to the cause of various physical disorders like cardiovascular and others. Hence workplace stress is a potent problem faced by modern day offices and employees. It not only affects the individual, also the company is on the receiving end of poorer quality of work output. (Wikipedia) There has been much work going on in regard to increasing the level of comfort of an employee so that there are lesser and smaller chances of stress burnout. This includes increasing the number of employees taken in, or easier division of labour at the workplace, or better appreciation or acknowledgement of quality work. All of this is being done by companies to offer their employees an opportunity to a â€Å"healthy job†. A healthy job, as defined by the World Health Organization, is one where the pressure on an individual is proportional in measure to the individuals capability, the resources available at hand, the amount of work assigned to him and the people present to support him. All of these form important factors in deciding the stress levels of an individual at the workplace. Also, the WHO emphasises that a good working environment would be one wherein the individual feels not only the absence of stress inducing factors, but also the presence of health and goodwill pr omoting factors. (WHO official website) Statement of the problem: Our major concern in the undertaking of this project is to assess factors that may lead to a stress burnout in modern day work environments and a possible solution to mitigate their effects on employees. This study aims at studying the measures that have already been taken to counter the problem of work related stress and questions their effectiveness. We will look at measures suggested by various agencies like the WHO and people involved in research on this subject in order to provide the world with a workforce performing at its maxima. Purpose: Firstly, the study will focus on the causes and effects of increased stress levels, especially in or due to the workplace. The symptoms are evident. Increased levels of tension (hypertension), insomnia, loss of interest in work, apathy or indifference, increased frustration, fatigue, trouble concentrating; these are all symptoms that an individual is on the verge of a nervous breakdown due to highly exaggerated levels of stress or anguish, thus leading to a poor response at the workplace. At times, this heightened anxiety may also lead to the individual involving in the usage of dope or turning an alcoholic. Thus the symptoms indicate when a person is in need of guidance, help or assistance to cope with the psychological pressures of working overtime or not being able to match with the standards of his peers. Then our focus will be on measures to detract such situations from coming to the fore in a workplace. We will study methods that seek to improve the overall well being of the em ployee, whether it is changes in the sociological environment, or the use of a counsellor to help the individual emerge from his state of depression. Significance of the study: Its of immediate and absolute necessity that the problems of the office and the workplace be solved as soon as possible before they spill over into the personal lives of the concerned individuals. There are many problems affecting the corporate sector, problems related to publicity and HRM, but when the output coming out of an employee is sub standard, and if that happens on a mass scale, the company loses long standing clients and the reputation takes a steep decline, inhibiting further expansion and growth. Hence, employee satisfaction is one of the major concerns in todays corporate world. And one of the most important aspects in employee satisfaction remains burnout prevention. If the company can keep employees from exhausting their potential due to excessive workload, they will certainly excel in other aspects of growth. The feedback of an employee is essential to the expansion and the reputation of the company. Thus, employees form the backbone of the skeletal structure of any company. Hence the study of work related stress becomes of top priority of corporate honchos. If a company is unable to protect its employees from the disastrous outcomes of a burnout, the word about the companys exploitative policies gets out in the market and then there are hardly any people willing to join the company even on a bit elevated pay scale. The company loses reputation, and there is no way in which it can recruit quality professionals because of its lousy reputation. Also the company becomes a bed of controversies as people start criticising its policies of employee management. This adversely affects the stakeholders in the company. Hence, employee management and satisfaction form a primary priority of the companys policies. Chapter 2 Background: The problem we are looking at is the issue of employee burnout at the corporate level in todays cut throat environment where companies draw up plans of execution that require employees to exhaust themselves by repeated stints of overtime, incentive based overload, etc. Though in the short term the company ends up profiting from such misplaced dedication, in the long term, the company loses its energy and money on training professionals who are eventually going to burn themselves out in a particular instance. Hence the long term loss of the company is far more emphatic, and the company has to invest in order to set it right. Hence the company loses a lot of its money and time setting things right. Thus, the modern day corporate has woken up to an existing issue of workers suffering work induced stress. This problem needs to be addressed with a steel authority so that in the long term, employees dont end up leaving the company due to such reasons, and the company can retain most of its staff, thus putting good to all the investment it made on training and teaching the staff. The issue of employee burnout also has to be addressed to improve the output of a employee in a capacity. An increased output level of an employee can make wonders for a company looking for greater ventures. An employee holds the key to a companys ability to make it big in the corporate world. A grumpy and irritable employee only succeeds in turning the mood of an environment irritable, leading to an epidemic of grouchy workers, in turn leading to a horrible turnover for the company, failed attempts at meeting deadlines, angry clients. Thus an employee needs to be looked after if he does show signs of burnout. A pat on the back can do wonders to lift the morale of the worker. It can give him much needed assurance from the employers side. However, it is also rewarding to appreciate the quality of work a worker constantly turns in by rewarding him a pay rise. At times, a little counselling from experienced people can also help the individual climb out of his state of depression. Literature Review: A lot of literature has been published on the above topic to help companies with various techniques aimed at reducing stress at the workplace. The WHO has been actively involved in collaborating with researchers and the corporate world alike to enhance the methods taken to help individuals with their stress disorders. This is necessary for all companies throughout. The studies undertaken can be company specific, pertaining to the workplace of a particular company. The studies undertaken may be industry specific, pertaining generally to the kind of work involved in the industry of choice which will more or less be the same in most companies working within the domains of that industry. The studies could also be general, pertaining to some common features that all industries share. These measures can be adopted by all companies and are for global welfare of employees. Also the governments of various nations fund their own studies and researches to identify the key aspects that impact th e psychological functions of an employee. Thus even governments are actively involved in working for the welfare of their workforce. Many governments have set up centres or councils that work all the year around to study present day policies of companies towards its workers and give suggestions relevant and feasible to protect workers from an overdose of work. Also many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are also working for the same. Human rights activists are also actively voicing their concerns over the exploitative policies of certain companies and at times, also the governments. These add up to numerous research papers and literature on policies that a company should follow to save its employees from blowing off the lid off their heads. Definitions: An important definition is of a healthy job. As previously mentioned, a healthy job is one where the load on an individual is considering the capabilities of the individual, his resources, his knowledge of the topic, his work routine, so that he is not indirectly forced into putting in far too many extra hours, his support staff, whether everything in the personal life of the individual is fine and doesnt involve sizeable perturbations. Also the stress related hazards at work can be differentiated into 2 categories: work content and work context. Work content includes the amount of work handed to the individual, the quality of the job, also whether the individual is coped with enough resources to carry out the work, whether the work entails him to put in hours of extra effort, thereby affecting sleep. The work context includes the sociological factors in a workplace. These can be the competition at the workplace, the disappointments of failure, and the grumpiness due to malpractices at the workplace, the ignorance of the higher commands to the appreciable work done by the individual, the lack of motivation or disinterest in the kind of work allotted. Chapter 3 Causes of Workplace Stress: As many countries around the world spend billions of rupees on anti-depressants and stress-busters to relieve their people from stress, an analysis of the causes of stress provides a great deal of understanding of the problem. The research hence indicated some of the chief causes of stress, the major causes being explained as follows. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S., emphasises that the personal traits and characteristics of the workers play a chief role in determining the level of stress the person is likely to go through, given a fixed set of working conditions. (NIOSH, 2010). For instance, the stress level of one person may differ from another person based on their skills to cope and adjust, and the tendencies of their bodies to respond to the mental stress. Another increasingly popular notion which is gaining credence states that the working conditions, instead, play a greater and dominating role in causing stress to the people. Apart from these viewpoints, there are also other causes by various organizations of the world, which are cited as contributing factors in inducing stress. For example, the post of a person, his status in the organization can also alter the levels of stress he might be experiencing. In other words, people who have little influence and lower status in the organization are found to be more stressed out than other people, who at higher posts. Such arguments also state that even though people at powerful positions have higher workload, but there is no co-relation between workload and stress. In addition it must be mentioned, the Glob al Business and Round Table Conference on Addiction and Mental Health puts the overload factor, also called as â€Å"The Treadmill Syndrome† on the top of the list of the factors causing workplace stress. Moreover, there are popular arguments which have claimed to link the stress with economic factors. It can be best illustrated by an increasingly growing trend in the 21st century business world wherein companies are very quick to lay off workers or sack them stating some reasons, cutting down jobs and taking back benefits to the existing employees, so as to save on capital and adjust with the rapidly changing business environment. The solid emergence of the concept of â€Å"downsizing† leads to worrying employees, which in turn leads to a great deal of stress. Moreover, studies of the WHO reveal that the most significant cause of work stress can be attributed to the pressures and demands from the employees who are either not capable enough, or not qualified and equipp ed to the level which would enable them to do the required work. Such situations, clearly, lead to immense workplace stress. Another factor that adds to the stress of an average employee is the vagueness of his perception of his job and the goals of the organisation. When the employees are ambiguous about their jobs, their duties and what is expected of them, it leads to worries and anxiety. Furthermore, the lack of concrete and clear knowledge about the philosophy of the organisation and its objectives leads to a lack of awareness, commitment, interest and a sense of lessening confidence. In addition, many studies have revealed the inflexibility is also a major factor contributing to stress. Workplaces where the employees are required to work for long hours under a strict schedule, and particularly those where they are made to do so alone, and the environment is non-social, it leads to great stress. The mental pressure increases with the strictness, and this might also, in a way, d epend upon the characteristics of the supervisor (manager). Another aspect of stress which is usually found to be its cause is, as discussed, lack of control or participation. The reason behind why employees at lower positions feel stressed is actually this factor, by which the employee tends to feel that his contribution to the organisation is making no difference, since he holds no say in any sort of decision-making or policy-framing. Gradually a growing sense of alienation and frustration combine, thereby leading to stress. (Workstress.net) Effects of Stress: Stress in the working environment of a company directly affects the individuals, and in turn, affects the organizations and its many aspects to a great extent. Apart from the physical toll stress can take on an individual, leading to many problems like fatigue, blood pressure problems, the emotional and psychological effects of stress are the most severe. A distressed person may lose his spirit of dedication and commitment towards the organization totally, thereby putting in less and less amount of effort and creativity in the work he does, and contributing less to the organization. Stressed out employees may not be able to work with concentration which can affect the output of their work in a negative way. All this in turn affects the organization as a whole. For instance, increasing workplace stress may cause considerable absenteeism from work thereby pulling down efficiency and productivity. In addition, it may create many other problems like defaming the image of the company, and dissatisfaction among the public (customers). Stress among the employees also leads to objectionable trends like drug abuse, etc. It negatively impacts the procedure of recruiting new staff, as the image of the company has been harmed and damaged. In addition to this, stress can be very problematic on the personal side of the employee. Anxiety, mood swings, etc. may affect the personal life and the relationship of the employee with his family and loved ones, the negative impact of which may result into more and more stress. Hence, the effect of stress is multi-faceted. It is taxing to the company, to the individual and to other people not directly related to the organisation. The effects of the stress lead to symptoms of stress amongst the employees, which must be identified at a stable stage, so that the task of stress prevention is carried out effectively and successfully. (Workstress.info) Chapter 4 Summary: The problem of stress, its management, its causes and effects is one of the most important global problems of the current area. The ever-increasing concern about workplace stress and how to curb it is the key motivation behind the research. Furthermore, the primary aim of the research is to study the causes and effects of stress, and provided recommendations. There has been a genuine attempt in fulfilling the aim, beginning by reading a great amount of literature on the topic. Various studies and various sources have tried to provide a concrete notion of the causal of workplace stress, based on which many have provided recommendations. Those causes are studied in a practical environment, as part of this research, so as to genuinely assess their validity. The research also involves considerable study on workplace stress management. Preventive measures that have been implemented to reduce stress have been evaluated and looked into, and measures that include management of stressed out w orkers and their total recovery from stress have also been analysed. Discussion: It must be mentioned here that completely doing away with stress is an unprofitable concept. Psychological studies reveal that a small amount of stress can provide for just the right amount of drive needed to work effectively with genuine interest. Thus, a little stress is always good. But when stress assumes larger proportions, it can be destructive for the organisation. We have studied the factors leading to stress. The causes of workplace stress vary, as we have seen. Contrasting arguments also exist, for instance, some cases argue that the even though managers and executives of a company face a larger workload, there are less stressed out than other employees at lower positions. On the contrary, there are studies that list the overload factor as one of the primary factors leading to stress among the employees. The likelihood of the latter claim seems more intense, since it is more reasonable and plausible. Furthermore, stress is now increasingly believed to be arising out of a si tuation known as the Work Organisation Problem, which states that the stress among the employees is a consequence of improper, inefficient, problematic and inappropriate organisation of tasks and work amongst the employees. This is perhaps a result of various studies which point out and emphasize that the mismatch between qualification and work done by an employee is the root of all problems that arise in various forms within the organization. Moreover, the recommendation for the organisation to look for signs of stress amongst its employees stems out of the need for prevention of stress. Since stress management, i.e. management of stressed out workers involves many structural measures and a great deal of temporary effort, and is also time consuming, it is always imperative for the organisation to prevent stress in a proactive way. Managing stressed workers should always be recorded for further interpretation of the findings, and hence for effective human resource management of the organisation. The need for culture change within the body of employees is an area that must be taken care of. Having unions for the betterment of the employees is a notion that must be discussed with the employees first, and then implemented. Furthermore, it is quite clear and easily comprehendible that stress leads to the damage of the image of the organization. Such damage is usually both internal, i.e. within the perceptions of the employees, as well as in the eyes of the public. (Guide to Stress Management) Recommendations: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that stress arises out of not one factor, but many factors. Improper work organisation, economic factors like pressure from investors in the share-market, growing fear of being downsized, and so on can create workplace stress. In any case, an organization must follow certain fundamental steps whenever stress is discovered to threaten its efficiency. The risks involved with stress are huge, and affect the organisation in many direct and indirect ways. Hence, a concrete policy of risk-management must be followed. Such a policy includes various steps as shown by the following flowchart. Beginning from the assessment of risk, to planning and materialisation of the required action plan, all steps must be followed up with genuine concern for the stressed employees and the suffering organization. (Leka) Thus, to address the overload problem first and foremost, the primary concern of the managers should be proper distribution of work among the employees. Moreover, there can be also a regular training for all employees to teach them on how to prioritize work efficiently. Certain other factors that are also cited as causes of stress must be treated. For instance, random and abrupt disturbances for the employees can have a negative impact. Various experts have suggested measures such as effective management of workspace and time as a solution to this type of stress. In an organization, it is imperative for every employee to be treated equally and justly. Absence of such treatment can also leads to uncertainty and stress amongst the employees. Hence, it must be tended to that each employee is treated equally and at par with everybody else, and all his rights are guarded. Mistrust amongst employees should be taken care of, with an attempt to develop frank communication levels and healthy inter-personal relationships within the organization. It is strongly recommended that any kind of politics must be rejected and condemned, so as to create a healthy workspace. In addition, the aim of creating a healthy and productive workspace can be done through rewards and recognizing outstanding performances, and their appreciation. Such measures have been found to go a long way in creating a sense of loyalty, commitment and a positive attitude towards the company. Stress puts the whole organisation at the risk of survival. Hence, it must be addressed as soon it has been discovered. Apart from small measures, a need to take large steps within the organization to reduce the problems caused by work stress might also arise. Such steps may involve redesigning the whole structure of work, and reorganising it within the employees, and managing it. Work stress generally shows itself in little observations, hence regular and continual steps must be taken to assess the conditions of the w orkers, and to look for signs of stress. Such measures may include regular questionnaires, or talks with the employees and managers. Also, whenever the warning signs are discovered, immediate action must follow. Discussions should take place with the stressed out workers, and certain changes which will help remove stress must be implemented. Such discussions should encompass suggestions and measures that could be taken on the personal front of the employees, which could help in lowering the stress. Steps such as having a balanced diet, thinking positive and even incorporating ideas like organising regular workshops on how to psychologically manage stress and combat it could turn out to be of great help. It becomes all the more important in many situations whether these discussions take place or not, since they could greatly benefit and completely curb stress within the workplace. A sense of direction, in totality, needs to be provided to the staff at regular intervals. (Life positiv e official website) References: Wikipedia (n.d.) retrieved on 17/5/2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_stress WHO official website retrieved on 17/5/2010 from http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/stressatwp/en/ National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health official website (n.d.) data retrieved on 17/5/2010 from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/workorg/ Workstress.info official website (n.d.) retrieved on 17/5/2010 from http://www.workstress.info/the-health-effects-of-workplace- stress/ Workstress.net official website retrieved on 17/5/2010 from http://www.workstress.net/causes.htm Guide to stress management official website (n.d.) data retrieved on 17/5/2010 from http://www.guidetostressmanagement.com/workplace-stress/ Work Health and Organization Stavroula Leka and Amanda Griffiths UK 1-35 obtained on 17/5/2010 from www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/en/oehstress.pdf Life Positive official website retrieved on 17/5/2010 from http://www.lifepositive.com/mind/psychology/stress/stress-at-work.asp Appendix: Downsizing (cutting down or chopping the workforce in economically unfavourable times) Page 9. Flowchart on Risk Management Page 13. Flowchart on Stress Causal Mechanism Page 8. Global Business and Round Table Conference on Addiction and Mental Health (organised by the Centre of Mental Health and Addiction , Toronto) Page 9 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NOISH) U.S. Page 8. Summary of the research Page 10. Treadmill Syndrome (disproportionately high amount of work with respect to time, space) Page 9. Work content Page 8. Work context Page 8. WHO—World Health Organisation Pages 4, 7, 9.

Sickle Cell Anemia: Treatment and Effects

Sickle Cell Anemia: Treatment and Effects Sickle cell anemia is an inherited genetic blood disorder characterized by bouts of intense pain, organ damage, infection, depleted oxygen levels and at times premature death. Although it has come to be known as a disease that affects mainly people of African decent; affliction with sickle cell anemia has also been observed in those individuals with ancestry stemming from parts of the Middle East, India, Latin America, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. The genetic aspect of the disease is as such; one gene for the illness must be inherited from both parents for that person to be determined to have sickle cell disease. Therefore, a person with sickle cell disease has inherited one mutated copy for the trait from both of its parents. The mutated trait that leads to sickle cell disease impacts the creation of hemoglobin by the body. In a normal individual without the sickle cell trait or disease, they create hemoglobin A (HbA). However, in persons with sickle cell disease, their bone marrow creates a form of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS). It is the creation of Hb(S) that causes the formation of abnormal red blood cells. In a healthy individual, the red blood cells are usually disc-shaped but with Hb(S), the red blood cells have a stretched out sickle shaped appearance (Figure 1). Although it has been around for hundreds of years, sickle cell anemia was only scientifically observed in the early 1900s when in 1910 Dr. James B. Herrick noted the presence of sickle cells in the blood of Walter C. Noel. Further scientific study showed that the sickling of the red blood cells was related to low blood oxygen. Major advancements into the study of sickle cell anemia were first achieved in 1949 by Dr. Linus Pauling who postulated that the hemoglobin produced by those with sickle cell disease was abnormal and secondly by Vernon Ingram who in 1959 discovered that the difference between Hb(S) and Hb(A) was a single amino-acid substitution in the ÃŽÂ ²-polypeptide chain (ÃŽÂ ²6Glu à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Val)(Wikipedia). Other scientists followed this line of thinking (Figure 2) and found that this switch in the ÃŽÂ ²-polypeptide chain was due to a substitution of thymine for adenine in the DNA codon for Glu (GAG à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ GTG). This was the first example in any species of the effects of a mutation on a protein (ibid). Genetics of Sickle Cell Sickle cell anemia, like other traits such as height, hair and eye color is an inherited attribute. Both parents must be carriers of these particular traits in order to pass on copies of these genes to their offspring. In the case of sickle cell which is an inherited autosomal recessive point mutation (see Figure 3), the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) that is located on chromosome 11p.15.5 is affected. The mutation that affects this gene is the direct result of a glutamate being substituted for a valine. This exchange of the ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene occurs in the sixth codon of the HBB gene and signifies that the disorder is caused by a single mutation in the nucleotide, an A to T changeover resulting in a GAG to a GTG sequence (see Figure 4). The substitution of the glutamate for valine causes a Figure 4change to the structure and the function of the HBB gene and causes it to produce structurally abnormal hemoglobin (Hb), called hemoglobin S; HbS (National Center for Biotechnology).The importance of Hb is that it serves as an oxygen carrying protein that gives red blood cells their characteristic color (ibid). As previously stated, the allele responsible for causing sickle cell anemia is autosomal recessive and can be found on the short arm of chromosome 11 (Wikipedia). This means that an individual that has been diagnosed with sickle cell disease has received both copies of the mutated gene from their parents who each carry one copy of the mutated gene. Sickle Cell Anemia and the Malaria Influence In understanding the genetics of sickle cell anemia, it is important to recognize the role in which the mosquito born disease malaria played in the high incidences of sickle cell trait. With the introduction of malaria into areas of sub-Saharan Africa over 4000 years ago, naturally occurring genetic defense mechanisms have evolved for resisting infection by malaria (Tishkoff, 2001). One such defense has been the sickle cell trait. How is this possible? The initial answer comes from the relationship between the two. As illustrated in figure 5, areas hit hardest by malaria, where the disease is endemic, also show a high frequency of individuals that carry the Hb(S) gene. The data also indicates that in areas where malaria occurs at a much lower rate, such as in cooler drier climates, the gene expression of the sickle hemoglobin is greatly reduced or nonexistant. In West Africa, where malaria is so common that most children are infected with the disease, the incidences of sickle cell trait are as high as 40%. Though many suffer symptoms that are severe enough to warrant trips to the hospital, for most, the disease is not fatal. The key to their resistance is in their genes. Genes are all paired with each parent supplying one half of each pair. If either hemoglobin gene undergoes a mutation, the hemoglobin it makes will be changed. This particular mutation called the sickle cell gene is tiny but it is enough to change the shape of the hemoglobin molecules it makes. In areas where malaria is endemic, carriers of the Hb (S) gene have gained some resistance to malaria. This resistance results from the red blood cells that the Hb (S) carriers have. When the malaria parasite attempts to infect the red blood cells of an Hb (S) carrier, the abnormal hemoglobin present tends to sickle and this causes it to rupture. The rupturing prohibits the malaria parasite from reproducing. Due to their sickle shape, the infected cells die, are processed in the spleen and are then eliminated out of the body. The frequency of sickle-cell genes is around 10%. The existence of four haplotypes of sickle-type hemoglobin suggests that this mutation has emerged independently at least four times in malaria-endemic areas, further demonstrating its evolutionary advantage in such affected regions(The Medical News). Thus, people that had one copy of the gene were able to survive the malaria infection. They were able to grow up, get married and have children and pass the genes on to the next generation. This is selective pressure; that gene had an advantage in that particular environment for those carriers. We all have lots of small gene mutations; they mostly go unnoticed but if the environment changes, one may suddenly show unforeseen effects both good and bad. In this case, one copy of the gene is beneficial but two can be disastrous. In the USA, where there is no endemic malaria, the prevalence of sickle-cell anemia among blacks is lower (about 0.25%) than in West Africa (about 4.0%) and is falling (National Center for Biotechnology). As such, the sickle cell trait is gradually being selected out of that population. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Trait/Disease Figure 6In order to inherit the sickle cell trait one parent must be a carrier of the HBB, ÃŽÂ ²-globin S mutation and the other a carrier of an HBB mutation such as ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia (M.A. Bender). A person develops the disease when they receive a copy of the defective gene from both parents. An individual that is heterozygous for the trait; in which they have one mutated and one healthy allele will remain healthy, but will be able to pass on the disease to their offspring. As such, this person is referred to as a carrier. Take for example two parents who are carriers (Rr) for sickle cell trait. Were they to have a child, there is a 25 percent chance that their child will develop the disease and a 50 percent chance of that child being a carrier. These examples as well as the other statistical possibilities are depicted in Figure 6. Individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait have a higher fitness than either of the homozygotes. This is known as heterozygote adv antage (Brigham and Womens Hospital). As this has remained a favorable adaptive advantage, the high prevalence of carriers in areas where malaria is still widespread brings to the forefront the reality that sickle cell disease is still pervasive in those regions. Hemoglobin: the story of Sickle Cell I had the idea in 1945 that sickle cell anemia might be a disease of the hemoglobin molecule. No one had ever suggested the idea of a molecular disease before. As soon I had this idea, I thought it must be right. From what I know of the properties of these patients I believed that this is a disease of the molecule; that if we looked at the blood of these patients we shall find that the hemoglobin molecules are different from other people. Linus Pauling Figure 7. Linus Pauling. BioRichUSALinus Pauling began his research into sickle cell disease by paying particularly close attention to the role that hemoglobin played in its manifestation. Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying protein found inside red blood cells. Pauling theorized that the hemoglobin that characterizes sickle cell disease is abnormal. His studies showed that sickle cell Hb (S) does differ from Hb (A) in that it has a lower negative charge and pH. In sickle cell anemia, which is a common form of sickle cell disease, hemoglobin S replaces both beta-globin subunits in hemoglobin (Genetics Home Reference). Further inspection into the nature of hemoglobin shows that the hemoglobin protein produced in adults is divided into four sub-units that are joined together. These grouped sub-units are known as protein chains. Two types of these protein chains exist: 1) the alpha (ÃŽÂ ±) globin chain and 2) the beta (ÃŽÂ ²) globin chain. Hemoglobin protein is made up of two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains. It is important to note that the genetic information used by the body to make the two hemoglobin chains can be found in two different hemoglobin genes located on two different chromosomes (Barlow-Stewart, 2001). The two identical ÃŽÂ ±-globin genes that code for ÃŽÂ ± globin chains is located on chromosome 16. Figure 8The ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene codes for the beta (ÃŽÂ ²) globin chain is located on  chromosome 11 (see Figure 8). Two copies of each of these chromosomes can be found in body cells. Everyone therefore has four copies of the alpha globin gene and two copies of the beta globin gene in their body cells (ibid). According to statics posted by the World Health Organization, it is estimated that five percent of adults are carriers for a hemoglobin condition with approximately 2.3% of that number accounting for those adults diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Interestingly enough, there is a correlation between a persons ancestry and the influence it has on the likelihood of that person being a genetic carrier for a hemoglobin condition such as sickle cell anemia. Detection and Treatment Detection of sickle cell disease can take place in one of two ways amniocentesis and blood testing. Blood testing on newborns is now conducted in more than 40 states. The use of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is also being utilized to help those parents that are undergoing in vitro fertilization and are also carriers of the sickle cell trait identify those embryos that have the defective sickle cell hemoglobin. In so doing, this allows the parents to choose only to implant those embryos that are free of the defect. The treatment of sickle cell disease has taken on the form of prescribing hydroxyurea, an antitumor drug that aids in the creation of fetal hemoglobin. Increased production of fetal hemoglobin helps to prevent the hemoglobin from sickling. New therapies have begun to be developed to treat sickle cell disease at the genetic level. Since December 2001, scientists have conducted research into looking at curing sickle cell disease by correcting the defective hemoglo bin; further testing needs to occur to determine the effectiveness of these genetic treatments. Conclusion Sickle cell is a uniquely fascinating disease in that it is one of a few genetic abnormalities that actually have a positive effect: it can be immensely beneficial protecting its carriers from facing the full brunt of the malicious malaria virus, as it renders the cells the virus invades as inhospitable. On the other end of the spectrum, however, it can also be a devastating affliction that leaves its victims with lives marked by constant pain crises and frequent stays in hospitals. Unfortunately, for those suffering from particularly severe sickle cell disease, there is no guaranteed cure for it, but there are potential treatments that scientists are researching to determine their plausibility. How Celtic was Iron Age Britain? How Celtic was Iron Age Britain? The concept of classifying a period of prehistory as the Iron Age was first introduced in the 19th century, and later validated by the massively significant discoveries at Hallstatt and La Tà ¨ne. Subsequently, the era was broken down into chronological periods, against which the British Iron Age is now defined. For ease of definition, The British Iron Age tends to be broken into three periods, Early, Middle and Late, spanning roughly 1000 years, from 800 BC to the 2nd century AD, and is so named owing to the discovery and development of iron taking prevalence over the use of bronze. The term Celtic, having passed into the vernacular, is now nothing more than a vague generic term. The traditional view was that Iron Age Britons were part of a vast Celtic Commonwealth which then stretched across Europe, a world of peoples who spoke related languages, and who shared a distinctive set of values, social institutions, spirituality, art and other aspects of life and culture. (James 1997, 2). This is now acknowledged to be a massive oversimplification, a romanticised notion born of theories put forward by 18th century scholars, based on classical Latin and Greek sources. Edward Lhuyd proposed that Welsh, Scottish and Irish languages all stem from the ancient Gaulish. The label Celtic was then transposed from the languages to the people themselves, landscapes, and their perceived culture and art. Historically and archaeologically speaking, this word is unhelpful and uninformative. Indeed, Simon James has suggested that calling the Iron Age Celtic is so misleading that it is best abandoned. (James S. 01.06.98) As the term Celtic is virtually meaningless, for the purpose of this piece we shall investigate to what extent the indigenous population of Britain were influenced by their continental counterparts. It was thought that the Iron Age Britons (comprising of diverse and often warring tribes and were in no way unified) were subject to a number of Belgic invasions during the Iron Age. Some of the evidence for this model comes from Caesar, who states that prior to his own expeditions of 55 and 54 B.C., the population of the coastal regions of south-eastern Britain had themselves migrated from Belgic Gaul, first in search of plunder, and subsequently in order to settle permanently. He also reported that in his own lifetime, Diviciacus had been not only the most powerful ruler in all Gaul, but had also exercised sovereignty in Britain. (D.W. Harding 1974, 201) There is archaeological evidence which has been used to support this model. The discovery of the Battersea shield in 1857, an intricately decorated piece, is similar to a bronze shield found in the river Witham in Lincolnshire. Both are similar in design to artefacts found at La Tà ¨ne. These finds, combined with cemetery sites in Aylesford, Welwyn and East Yorkshire, which bore close relation to Gaulish burial rites, were taken as verifying the theory of invasion as the principal, even sole, cause of change in prehistoric Britain. (James 1997, 12) With the coming of iron came a number of fortified defences or hillforts. There are approximately 3,300 such defences on mainland Britain. It was originally thought that these were a response to an invasion in the 3rd century B.C. letting loose bands of Celtic warriors over large parts of the south country. (Harding 1974, 54) However, subsequent investigation has found that techniques such as timber lacing, which was prevalent on the Continent, was also adopted in Britain. This presents us with the fact that there were indeed links with the Continent, which were not necessarily hostile, as their technology is shared and assimilated. Some tribes depended entirely on agriculture where the land and soil permitted; others in coastal regions where the land was not so hospitable, subsisted entirely from the sea. Settlement types varied accordingly, from the commonly used roundhouse, to the Lake Village near Glastonbury in the Somerset levels, to the stone built brochs of Northern Scotland. Such diversity does not seem to have been echoed on the Continent, although there were similarities in some areas. Referring to a settlement in Kent, Caesar wrote that the buildings were situated in close proximity to each other, and very similar to the settlements of the Gauls. However, there remains little evidence to date to suggest a strong relationship between the dwellings on the continent, and those in Britain. The economy mainly relied on agriculture and the manufacture of certain goods. Barry Cunliffe describes it thus: a broadly parallel development between Britain and the Continent, the two areas retaining a close contact, which encouraged a free flow of ideas and an exchange of goods, while indigenous traditions remain dominant. (Cunliffe 1991, 442) The use of coinage came into practice around 100 B.C. and directly emulated the Gallic system. There were comparisons with the economy of the Continent, but the British remained insular to some extent until the later Roman invasion. We have some archaeological evidence of the funerary practices of ancient Britain, but only classical references inform us as to the gods, druids and priesthoods intrinsic to these beliefs. According to Caesar, the Gauls and the British shared several practices, including the training of Druids. In the early Iron Age, the disposal of bodies left no archaeological trace. The middle iron age sees cemeteries and inhumations with goods, whilst the late Iron Age sees the introduction of cremations form Gaul. In addition, many bodies from this era have been retrieved from peat bogs throughout northern Europe, often with signs of multiple causes of death, perhaps indicating ritual sacrifice. Evidence suggests that similar beliefs are held throughout Europe at this time, and would seem to denote a belief in some form of afterlife. Much is made of the Celtic head cult, but this largely depends on interpretation of the evidence. ‘There is no doubt that the head was considered the most im portant part of the human body the emphasis on head-hunting demonstrates this and the stress on the head in Celtic art is incontestable. Yet I believe it is a mistake to think in terms of a specific head-cult’ (Green 1986, 216). In conclusion, how Belgae Gallic was Iron Age Britain? Certainly, many aspects of Iron Age life were influenced by the Belgic Gauls, to varying degrees throughout the period. But to call the British Iron Age Celtic is a simplified generalisation; some areas were touched by Continental practices, others, more geographically remote from the south coast will have felt their influences far less. However, it seems far less likely that Britain was invaded per se. Simon James states that Britain in the Iron Age grew with vital, if not erratic, contributions and influences from continental Europe in the form of trade, kinship links, and pretty certainly some localised immigration, especially in the late Iron Age South. (James 1997, 84)The revisionist theory seems at this moment far more plausible than the concept of wholesale invasion. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cunliffe, Barry, Iron Age Communities in Britain, Routledge 1991 Green, Miranda, The Gods of the Celts, Gloucester 1986. Harding, D.W., The Iron Age in Lowland Britain, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974 James, S. Rigby, V., Britain and the Celtic Iron Age, British Museum Press 1997 James, S., 1998 Peoples of Britain (online) UK; Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/prehistory/peoples_03.shtml Accessed 29th April 2005

Personal History Essay -- Personal Statement

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Lee De Forest Essay -- essays research papers

Lee De Forest Lee De Forest was born Aug. 26, 1873, Council Bluffs, Iowa. De Forest was the son of a Congregational minister. His father moved the family to Alabama and there assumed the presidency of the nearly bankrupt Talladega College for Negroes. Excluded by citizens of the white community who resented his father's efforts to educate blacks, Lee and his brother and sister made friends from among the black children of the town and spent a happy although sternly disciplined childhood in this rural community. (Kraeuter, 74). As a child he was fascinated with machinery and was often excited when hearing of the many technological advances during the late 19th century. He began tinkering and inventing things even in high school, often trying to build things that he could sell for money. By the age of 13 he was an enthusiastic inventor of mechanical gadgets such as a miniature blast furnace and locomotive, and a working silverplating apparatus. (A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries). His father had planned for him to follow him in a career in the clergy, but Lee wanted to go to school for science and, in 1893, enrolled at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, one of the few institutions in the United States then offering a first-class scientific education. (Kraeuter, 74). De Forest went on to earn the Ph.D. in physics in 1899, with the help of scholarships, and money his parents made by working odd jobs. By this time he had become interested in electricit...

Critical Evaluation ? Lamb to the Slaughter Essay -- essays research p

A tale of the unexpected is Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl. The story has a twist in the tale ending in which a loving wife gruesomely murders her husband. Mr Patrick Maloney, a senior in the police force seemed a happy married man to his pregnant wife, Mrs. Mary Maloney. Mr Maloney comes home one night, shocking his wife with the news he is leaving her. Mrs. Maloney is in great shock, to a state that she kills her husband, with a frozen leg of lamb. In the end she gets away with it, unwittingly the police then destroy the evidence by eating the cooked lamb. Mrs. Maloney is your normal housewife, she sits at home in suspense waiting for her prized husband to return home from work. Her relationship with her husband Patrick is almost as a sunbather feels the sun. This is shown in the opening part of the story when Patrick returns home from work. Mary has his usual drink set out for him and when he comes in she is just content to sit in silence, his presence gives her a glow. Throughout the opening part of the story Mary will do anything that Patrick says, showing that she has a great love for him and would never want to disappoint him. At six months pregnant she is the one that should be resting but instead she is jumping around just to try and please her husband. At the start of the novel, Mary seems very innocent, but her whole personality changes when she kills Patrick. At the start she seems happy, loving, caring, friendly and very dependent on Patrick. After Patric...